外科常見門診疾病
外科學是現代醫學的一個科目，主要研究如何利用外科手術方法去解除病人的病原，從而使病人得到治療。外科學和所有的臨床醫學一樣，需要了解疾病的定義、病因、表現、診斷、分期、治療、預後, 而且外科學更重視開刀的適應症、術前的評估與照顧、手術的技巧與方法、術後的照顧、手術的併發症與預後等與外科手術相關的問題。
臨床外科學根據治療目標的不同有著明確的分工，可分為普通外科（現專指各種腹腔、乳房、甲狀腺及簡單的皮膚外科，腹腔外科則可細分為肛腸、肝膽、上消化道外科等等）、心臟外科、胸腔外科（兩者可合稱「心胸外科」）、血管外科、神經外科（有時簡稱腦外科）、耳鼻喉/頭頸外科、泌尿外科、整形外科、矯形外科（即骨外科）、小兒外科、移植外科等。廣義的外科學則尚可包含眼科、婦產科、口腔面頜外科等。
外科常見門診疾病中英文對照表
| 英文疾病名稱 | 中文疾病名稱 |
| NEOPLASM | 腫瘤 |
| Benign neoplasm of breast | 乳房良性腫瘤 |
| Benign neoplasm of skin | 皮膚良性腫瘤 |
| Breast tumor | 乳房腫瘤 |
| Lipoma | 脂肪瘤 |
| Benign neoplasm of connective tissue | 結締組織良性腫瘤 |
| ENDOCRINE AND GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES | 內分泌及腸胃疾病 |
| Goiter | 甲狀腺腫大 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 甲狀腺功能亢進 |
| Diabetes mellitus(no complication) | 糖尿病 |
| Hematemesis | 嘔血 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 腸胃道出血 |
| Peptic ulcer | 消化性潰瘍 |
| Functional gastrointestinal disturbance | 功能性胃腸障礙 |
| Constipation | 便秘 |
| Chronic hepatitis | 慢性肝炎 |
| DISEASES OF URINARY SYSTEM | 泌尿科疾病 |
| Urinary tract infection | 泌尿道感染 |
| Acute pyelonephritis | 急性腎盂腎炎 |
| Hydronephrosis | 腎水腫 |
| Hematuria | 血尿 |
| DISORDERS OF BREAST | 乳房疾病 |
| Breast fibroadenosis | 乳房纖維腺腫大 |
| Mastitis | 乳腺炎 |
| Lump or mass in breast | 乳房硬塊 |
| DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE | 皮膚及皮下組織疾病 |
| Paronychia, finger | 手指甲溝炎 |
| Paronychia, toe | 腳趾甲溝炎 |
| Carbuncles and furuncles | 癰,癤 |
| Paronychia | 甲溝炎 |
| Cellulitis | 蜂窩組織炎 |
| Clavus | 雞眼 |
| Keloid | 瘢痕疙瘩 |
| Sebaceous cyst | 皮脂腺囊腫 |
| DISEASES OF MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE | 骨骼及結締組織疾病 |
| Lumbago | 腰酸痛 |
| Sciatica | 坐骨神經痛 |
| Back pain | 背部疼痛 |
| Frozen shoulder | 冰凍肩 |
| Fibrositis | 纖維組織炎 |
| Myalgia and myositis | 肌痛及肌炎 |
| Myofascial pain syndrome | 肌膜痛症候群 |
| Fasciitis | 筋膜炎 |
| Ganglion | 腱鞘囊腫 |
| Baker's cyst | 貝克氏囊腫 |
| Cervicalgia | 頸椎痛 |
| Pain in thoracic spine | 胸椎痛 |
| Coccyx pain | 尾椎痛 |
| Tendinitis | 肌腱炎 |
| Trigger finger(Acquired) | 板肌指 |
| Tendinitis, hand and wrist | 手及手腕肌腱炎 |
| Tendinitis, foot and ankle | 足及踝肌腱炎 |
| FOREIGN BODY | 異物 |
| Foreign body in respiratory tract | 呼吸道內異物 |
| Foreign body in digestive system | 消化道內異物 |
| BURN | 燒傷 |
| Burn | 燙傷 |
| Burn of eye and adnexa | 眼及附屬器官之燒傷 |
| Burn of face and head | 頭臉部燒傷 |
| Burn of lower limb | 下肢燒傷 |
| Burn of trunk | 軀幹燒傷 |
| Burn of upper limb | 上肢燒傷 |
| Burn of wrist and hand | 手、腕部燒傷 |
| CONCUSSION AND ANDCONTUSION | 腦震盪及挫傷 |
| Brain concussion | 腦震盪 |
| Contusion | 挫傷 |
| Contusion of abdominal | 腹部挫傷 |
| Contusion of back | 背部挫傷 |
| Contusion of buttock | 臀部挫傷 |
| Contusion of chest | 胸部挫傷 |
| Contusion of flank | 腰部挫傷 |
| Contusion of head | 頭部挫傷 |
| Contusion of kidney | 腎挫傷 |
| Contusion of liver | 肝臟挫傷 |
| Contusion of lower extremity | 下肢挫傷 |
| Contusion of neck | 頸部挫傷 |
| Contusion of shoulder | 肩膀挫傷 |
| Contusion of spleen | 脾部挫傷 |
| Contusion of upper extremity | 上肢挫傷 |
| FRACTURE | 骨折 |
| Fracture of clavicle | 鎖骨骨折 |
| Fracture of femur | 股骨骨折 |
| Fracture of femur neck | 股骨頸骨折 |
| Fracture of femur shaft | 股骨幹骨折 |
| Fracture of fibula | 腓骨骨折 |
| Fracture of fibula with tibia | 腓骨脛骨骨折 |
| Fracture of finger | 手指骨折 |
| Fracture of foot | 足部骨折 |
| Fracture of hand | 手部骨折 |
| Fracture of humerus | 肱骨骨折 |
| Fracture of malleolus | 踝骨骨折 |
| Fracture of metatarsus | 蹠骨骨折 |
| Fracture of nose | 鼻骨骨折 |
| Fracture of patella | 臏骨骨折 |
| Fracture of pelvis | 骨盆腔骨折 |
| Fracture of radius | 橈骨骨折 |
| Fracture of radius and ulna | 橈骨尺骨骨折 |
| Fracture of tibia | 脛骨骨折 |
| Fracture of ulna | 尺骨骨折 |
| Fracture of vertebra | 脊椎骨折 |
| Fracture of vertebra with spinal cord injury | 脊椎骨折合併脊髓損傷 |
| Fracture (closed) | 閉鎖性骨折 |
| Fracture (open) | 開放性骨折 |
| INJURY | 損傷 |
| Injury to colon | 大腸損傷 |
| Injury to gastrointestinal tract | 胃腸道損傷 |
| Injury to heart | 心臟損傷 |
| Injury to intra-abdominal organs | 腹部器官損傷 |
| Injury to kidney | 腎臟損傷 |
| Injury to liver | 肝損傷 |
| Injury to pelvic organ | 骨盆腔器官損傷 |
| Injury to small intestine | 小腸損傷 |
| Injury to spleen | 脾損傷 |
| Injury to stomach | 胃部損傷 |
| Traumatic hemopneumothorax | 外傷性血氣胸 |
| Traumatic hemothorax | 外傷性血胸 |
| Traumatic pneumothorax | 外傷性氣胸 |
| OPEN WOUND | 開放性傷口 |
| Open wound | 開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of back | 背部開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of chest wall | 胸壁開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of external ear | 外耳部開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of eyelid | 眼瞼開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of face | 臉部開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of finger | 手指開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of finger with tendon involvement | 手指開放性傷口合併肌腱斷裂 |
| Open wound of foot | 足部開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of foot with tendon involvement | 足部開放性傷口合併肌腱斷裂 |
| Open wound of forearm | 前臂開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of forearm with tendon involvement | 前臂開放性傷口合併肌腱斷裂 |
| Open wound of hand | 手部開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of hand with tendon involvement | 手部開放性傷口合併肌腱斷裂 |
| Open wound of lower extremity | 下肢開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of lower extremity with tendon involvement | 下肢開放性傷口合併肌腱斷裂 |
| Open wound of lower leg | 腿部開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of lower leg with tendon involvement | 腿部開放性傷口合併肌腱斷裂 |
| Open wound of scalp | 頭皮開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of trunk | 軀幹開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of upper extremity | 上肢開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of upper extremity with tendon involvement | 上肢開放性傷口合併肌腱斷裂 |
| Open wound of wrist | 腕部開放性傷口 |
| Open wound of wrist with tendon involvement | 腕部開放性傷口合併肌腱斷裂 |
| SPRAIN | 扭傷 |
| Sprain of ankle | 腳踝扭傷 |
| Sprain of elbow and forearm | 手肘和前臂扭傷 |
| Sprain of hand | 手扭傷 |
| Sprain of hip and thigh | 髖及大腿扭傷 |
| Sprain of knee and leg | 膝及腿部扭傷 |
| Sprain of shoulder and upper arm | 肩及上臂之扭傷 |
| Sprain of wrist | 腕扭傷 |
| SUPERFICIAL INJURY | 表淺損傷 |
| Superficial injury | 表淺損傷 |
| Superficial injury of face | 臉部表淺損傷 |
| Superficial injury of foot | 足部表淺損傷 |
| Superficial injury of hand | 手部表淺損傷 |
| Superficial injury of lower extremity | 下肢表淺損傷 |
| Superficial injury of thumb | 拇指表淺損傷 |
| Superficial injury of trunk | 軀幹表淺損傷 |
| Superficial injury of upper arm | 上手臂表淺損傷 |
| Superficial injury of upper extremity | 上肢表淺損傷 |
| Multiple superficial injury | 多部位表淺損傷 |
| TRAUMATIC AMPUTATION | 外傷性截肢 |
| Traumatic amputation of finger | 手指外傷性截斷 |
| Traumatic amputation of foot | 足部外傷性截斷 |
| Traumatic amputation of hand | 手部外傷性截斷 |
| Traumatic amputation of leg(at or above knee) | 膝關節以上腿部外傷性截斷 |
| Traumatic amputation of leg(below knee) | 膝關節以下腿部外傷性截斷 |
| Traumatic amputation of thumb | 拇指外傷性截斷 |
| Traumatic amputation of toe | 腳趾外傷性截斷 |
| OTHER | 其他 |
| Convulsion | 痙攣 |
| Vertigo, dizziness, giddiness | 眩暈 |
| Pyrexia of unknown origin | 不明熱 |
| Malaise and fatigue | 倦怠及疲勞 |
| Headache | 頭痛 |
| Gangrene | 壞疽 |
| Cough | 咳嗽 |
| Hemoptysis | 咳血 |
| Nausea and vomiting | 嘔吐 |
| Renal colic | 腎絞痛 |
| Dysuria | 解尿困難 |
| Urinary symptoms | 泌尿道症狀 |
| Abdominal pain | 腹痛 |
| Abdominal mass | 腹部腫塊 |
| Cachexia | 惡病體質 |
| Insomnia | 失眠 |
| Dyspnea | 呼吸困難 |
| Chest pain | 胸痛 |
| Chest tightness | 胸悶 |
| Urine incontinence | 尿失禁 |
| Alternation of consciousness | 神智改變 |
| Syncope | 暈厥 |
| Edema | 水腫 |
| Jaundice | 黃疸 |
| Abnormal loss of weight | 體重減輕 |
| Throat pain | 喉嚨痛 |
| Epistaxis | 流鼻血 |
| Palpitations | 心悸 |
| Shock | 休克 |
| Painful respiration | 呼吸痛 |
| Retention of urine | 尿滯留 |
| Frequency of urination and polyuria | 頻尿及多尿 |
| Splenomegaly | 脾腫大 |
| Abnormal liver function test | 肝功能檢驗異常 |
| Proteinuria | 蛋白尿 |
| Death on arrival | 到院時死亡 |
| Change dressing | 換藥 |
| Stitch abscess | 縫線膿瘍 |
外科經常處理的問題包含了創傷、各種胸腹部急症、先天/後天性畸形、惡性腫瘤、器官移植等，在臨床應用上和麻醉學、特級護理學、病理學、放射學、腫瘤學等其它醫學專科工作關係極其密切。隨著藥物、早期診斷技術與其他醫療科技（比如介入放射學）的發達，許多疾病的治療都轉變為非外科治療為主，然而外科手術仍然是這些治療無效或產生併發症不可或缺的後線支持，而外科微創手術（內視鏡手術）的領域也在蓬勃發展。
